Supreme Court Rules Against Visa & Mastercard Over Swipe Fees
Two of the world’s largest credit card companies have suffered another defeat in a long-running legal dispute with supermarket chains over interchange fees. The UK’s Supreme Court rejected an appeal by Visa Inc. and Mastercard Inc., affirming a lower court ruling that the mandated payments restricted competition. The Court was unanimous in upholding the decision […]
What Is A Pre Action Protocol In Civil Litigation?
The rules governing pre-action conduct can be found in the pre-action protocols and the Practice Direction on pre-action conduct and protocols (PDPAC). What are Pre Action Protocols? Pre action protocols (PAPs) specify the conduct procedures that parties are expected to follow if involved in a dispute that may lead to litigation in the English courts. Fundamentally, the […]